April 5, 1968: the beginning
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Reporter | The Dean of Trinity College, the Assistant | 0:03 |
Dean of Trinity College, Mr. William Griffith, | 0:05 | |
made the following statement to students at Duke University. | 0:07 | |
William | I think in this aftermath of the, | 0:10 |
well it's certainly the most tragic death of Dr. King | 0:13 | |
to violence, I know that the Duke campus will be | 0:16 | |
sensitive to the tensions that exist in the community | 0:24 | |
of Durham, particularly at this time. | 0:29 | |
And with this in mind, I would hope most sincerely | 0:32 | |
that the students would not express themselves by | 0:37 | |
going into the city itself tonight, but would rather | 0:39 | |
join the university in what I'm certain will be | 0:44 | |
an opportunity to express their, and actually our, | 0:47 | |
great sorrow at the circumstances that took place | 0:56 | |
this evening. | 1:00 | |
Reporter | Dr. James D. Graham, instructor of history | 1:03 |
at Duke University, made the following statement | 1:05 | |
to Duke students concerning a sympathy meeting | 1:07 | |
tomorrow at 1 o'clock. | 1:09 | |
James | We had hoped that we could get together | 1:12 |
with students and interested faculty tomorrow at | 1:14 | |
1:00 on the main quad to talk about possible courses | 1:18 | |
of action which we might take immediately in order to | 1:24 | |
make our feelings known to leaders, both locally | 1:29 | |
and nationally, about what might be done as soon | 1:34 | |
as possible to act on the legitimate grievances | 1:39 | |
and demands of black people in America. | 1:48 | |
Reporter | Duke students are planning a march | 1:51 |
to Hope Valley Country Club tonight. | 1:53 | |
Tup Blackwell, speaking for the Southern Student | 1:56 | |
Organizing Committee, describes plans for the march. | 1:59 | |
Tup | Duke students are planning on participating | 2:02 |
in a memorial procession tomorrow evening | 2:04 | |
to Hope Valley to express with their fellow | 2:08 | |
white citizens their concern for the state of Durham | 2:10 | |
and the state of the nation as a whole, and particularly | 2:16 | |
pinpointed by the death of Martin Luther King. | 2:18 | |
Reporter | Tup, when can we find--when will further | 2:23 |
information be available? | 2:26 | |
Tup | There's going to be a booth on the west quad | 2:29 |
tomorrow, and there'll be leaflets up about it. | 2:31 | |
There's gonna be a full statement in the booth. | 2:34 | |
Reporter | All right, that's reaction in Durham | 2:36 |
at this moment. | 2:37 | |
This is Bob Chapman.... | 2:38 | |
Ted | University dining halls have about 103 | 2:43 |
student employees. | 2:50 | |
These student employees have always contributed | 2:52 | |
a great amount to the service of the dining halls. | 3:00 | |
I hope that these students will continue to come to work | 3:05 | |
and to help out. | 3:12 | |
I realize and I certainly can understand the position | 3:14 | |
they're in, but I do hope that there are enough concerned | 3:19 | |
student employees who feel that we do have a responsibility | 3:25 | |
to the students, to help us out. | 3:30 | |
And I appeal to all students who are so willing | 3:33 | |
to come and help. | 3:37 | |
Reporter | This is all students, and not just students | 3:40 |
who have been previously employed by the dining halls? | 3:41 | |
Ted | That's right, all students. | 3:43 |
Now it is my understanding that the employees of the | 3:51 | |
dining halls are being called out on strike by | 3:55 | |
Peter Brandon, at midnight Sunday night. | 3:58 | |
I think this is most unfortunate. | 4:04 | |
I think that this is a very, very bad time to call | 4:08 | |
this kind of a strike. | 4:16 | |
I think that if there are grievances to be worked out, | 4:17 | |
they should be worked out in the coolness of the days | 4:22 | |
following these few emotional days that are going on. | 4:28 | |
Now the Duke University dining halls have the responsibility | 4:34 | |
for feeding the students of Duke University. | 4:39 | |
We're going to carry out these responsibilities to the | 4:45 | |
best of our ability. | 4:48 | |
Interviewee | Now Jackson mentioned that he wanted to | 4:55 |
record it, would you like to do the same? | 4:59 | |
Interviewer | Yes, sir. | 5:02 |
I have that going now. | 5:03 | |
Interviewee | All right, the information that he gave me, | 5:04 |
Scott, was that, though he didn't identify the source, | 5:07 | |
that there seemed to be considerable evidence that there | 5:12 | |
might be a strike and he wondered what the position | 5:16 | |
of the university might be. | 5:21 | |
We would certainly hope that there would not be a strike, | 5:25 | |
but should there be one, we of course have our | 5:28 | |
responsibilities to students, patients, and others | 5:33 | |
in the university community to continue services, | 5:35 | |
and we would make every effort to do so. | 5:40 | |
As I say, we hope that there would not be a strike, | 5:43 | |
and that if there is, that our employees would continue | 5:47 | |
to come to work as scheduled to carry out their share | 5:51 | |
of these responsibilities to students, patients, and others. | 5:53 | |
We much prefer to continue the sort of thing that we've | 6:00 | |
been doing for the past three years, that is, we feel | 6:04 | |
that there's been much progress made through meetings | 6:09 | |
and discussions. | 6:12 | |
Members of the administration have met with Local 77 people | 6:15 | |
some nine or 10 times over the past three years. | 6:19 | |
As a matter of fact, we had the most recent one of | 6:26 | |
those meetings only yesterday. | 6:31 | |
I think the 10th meeting. | 6:34 | |
And there's every reason to believe that many more | 6:38 | |
improvements will continue to result from these | 6:42 | |
continuing discussions. | 6:45 | |
At this meeting yesterday, we in administration | 6:48 | |
agreed to convey several items to the personnel | 6:53 | |
policy committee for consideration. | 6:56 | |
Three of the major items were: number one, | 6:59 | |
the $1.60 minimum, and $0.45 per hour increase; | 7:04 | |
number two, written university wide procedures | 7:09 | |
regarding warnings and dismissals; | 7:14 | |
and number three, recognition of Local 77. | 7:17 | |
We informed Mr. Edward McNeil, their president, | 7:22 | |
that he would receive a written reply on these items | 7:25 | |
immediately after the actions taken by the personnel | 7:29 | |
policy committee is completed. | 7:33 | |
We do very sincerely hope that employees and students | 7:36 | |
and others will calmly and unemotionally weigh | 7:41 | |
and evaluate all information and all emotional appeals | 7:47 | |
made to them to take or to support any rash or | 7:51 | |
disruptive course of action, because we are convinced, | 7:56 | |
sincerely convinced, that discussion and reason | 8:02 | |
will continue to produce constructive results, | 8:07 | |
as they have over the past three years. | 8:11 | |
Scott | Okay, continue. | 8:17 |
Host | Dave Birkhead is in our studios, | 8:23 |
and he will make some comments on tonight's activities. | 8:25 | |
Go ahead, Dave. | 8:27 | |
Dave | There were just three things that were | 8:29 |
questions that had been raised on east campus about | 8:31 | |
what was going on here and what we were doing. | 8:33 | |
And that needed clarification, apparently, | 8:35 | |
because of misunderstandings. | 8:38 | |
The first one was, there was some question on | 8:39 | |
east among some girls that we had broken into | 8:43 | |
Dr. Knight's house. | 8:45 | |
This, of course, is not correct. | 8:47 | |
We were invited in, all of us. | 8:49 | |
We now are still his guests. | 8:51 | |
He has said this repeatedly, that we are his guests, | 8:54 | |
that we have not overstayed our welcome, that we | 8:57 | |
are still welcome in his house. | 8:59 | |
The house has been cleaned by our people often, | 9:00 | |
it's been very, very neat and we are showing a great | 9:03 | |
deal of respect for his hospitality. | 9:06 | |
The second question that has been raised on east campus | 9:08 | |
by some people is, I guess, in the form of a rumor, | 9:10 | |
that if we do not get our demands by Tuesday, | 9:15 | |
we will resort to violence. | 9:19 | |
This is of course not true. | 9:21 | |
This march comes out, evolved from our grief | 9:22 | |
over Dr. King's loss, and it also evolved out of | 9:26 | |
our concern that his non-violent means of attaining | 9:30 | |
social change be reaffirmed and continued, | 9:34 | |
and we will not, under any condition, resort | 9:39 | |
to any violence of any sort, that's absolute. | 9:42 | |
The third question was concerning the class boycott, | 9:46 | |
and why we had called this. | 9:50 | |
Now of course at this time, we don't know what's | 9:53 | |
going to happen. | 9:54 | |
We expect before midnight there will be some sort | 9:55 | |
of announcement of major importance concerning | 9:57 | |
our demands and perhaps concerning other things. | 10:02 | |
But if we must spend the night, and if we have no word | 10:04 | |
on our demands until morning, and if none of these | 10:09 | |
other developments that have been talked about occur, | 10:10 | |
we are asking a class boycott on Monday. | 10:13 | |
And there was one requested today, although I don't | 10:18 | |
think it was widely publicized. | 10:20 | |
And the reason is to give the people on the campus | 10:22 | |
an opportunity to show support for this, to show that | 10:26 | |
they, too, feel that this is a time of genuine crisis | 10:29 | |
and that people, as Dr. Graham, who is here with us | 10:32 | |
this last 26 hours, has said that it's not a time | 10:35 | |
to go to class, it's not a time to pursue your | 10:39 | |
normal academic routine. | 10:41 | |
This is a time of crisis and a time to show that | 10:42 | |
we must do drastic things now to bring equality and justice | 10:45 | |
in our society. | 10:49 | |
Host | I'd like to talk to Chris Josey who's in | 10:59 |
the studio at the moment, and ask his opinion of | 11:01 | |
exactly what is happening. | 11:05 | |
He's one of the demonstrators. | 11:06 | |
Go ahead, Chris. | 11:08 | |
Chris | I think that we have to look at this | 11:10 |
in the context of what's been happening all over | 11:12 | |
the country, and you're gonna say, well what do | 11:15 | |
I mean by that? | 11:18 | |
Well, I mean the riots in the various cities. | 11:19 | |
The black people of Durham have been sitting tight, | 11:21 | |
watching Duke. | 11:24 | |
Duke is the largest employer of black people in this | 11:26 | |
area, it employs 3,500 black people. | 11:28 | |
And it's paying them a wage which is below the poverty | 11:33 | |
level established by the Federal Government. | 11:36 | |
And Duke always gets out of this by saying | 11:39 | |
that it only goes along with what the contemporary | 11:41 | |
standards are. | 11:45 | |
Well, if you're the largest employer in an area, | 11:46 | |
you set the standards. | 11:49 | |
And they are concerned about this. | 11:51 | |
I mean this is just one of the points. | 11:53 | |
Now, as we understand it here, you think that | 11:54 | |
we're making something too exaggerated out of | 11:57 | |
the Hope Valley issue. | 12:00 | |
Maybe we are. | 12:03 | |
It is not as important to us as the demands being | 12:04 | |
made by Local 77 for consideration, primary consideration | 12:07 | |
of the $1.60 an hour minimum wage, and some type of | 12:12 | |
collective bargaining. | 12:16 | |
We think it's significant here. | 12:18 | |
We hope that you become involved, and we hope that | 12:20 | |
you become involved in a meaningful way, | 12:22 | |
because the students, I mean the colored people | 12:25 | |
in this community are watching very closely | 12:27 | |
what is happening here tonight. | 12:29 | |
Host | Chris, I'd like for you to explain something | 12:31 |
about the statements that you are making. | 12:34 | |
You're speaking as an individual demonstrator, | 12:35 | |
are you not? | 12:37 | |
Chris | Yes, sir. | 12:38 |
Host | And furthermore, in regards to the... | 12:39 |
What is your attitude toward... | 12:43 | |
How do you feel the Duke students... | 12:46 | |
I know you have no way to gauge this, but we did have | 12:47 | |
350 demonstrators. | 12:50 | |
There were 350 demonstrators that came, made a march | 12:53 | |
this afternoon after the memorial service for | 12:56 | |
Dr. Martin Luther King, and they showed their support. | 12:58 | |
Generally, do you have any idea what the student reaction | 13:05 | |
on the campus is to what you and your fellow demonstrators | 13:08 | |
are doing at University House? | 13:13 | |
Chris | Well, I've been trying very hard to | 13:16 |
ascertain exactly what is going on. | 13:19 | |
As I see it, most of the students have some knowledge | 13:22 | |
of what is happening. | 13:26 | |
Most of the students have received the rally sheets | 13:28 | |
describing the rally tomorrow at two o'clock, | 13:31 | |
which incidentally, I would urge you all to attend, | 13:33 | |
just to find out what is going on. | 13:36 | |
I feel that it's no longer a matter of what the | 13:38 | |
Duke students feel or how they feel. | 13:41 | |
I mean, I can't gauge their opinion. | 13:43 | |
I'm, as an individual, not too proud of Duke | 13:45 | |
in a lot of ways, because I feel that we are | 13:48 | |
a white liberal institution... | 13:51 | |
Announcer | President Johnson orders troops into | 13:52 |
Chicago and... | 13:53 | |
Chris | and if we as whites in a white liberal institution | 13:54 |
cannot change the values, the structure of that institution, | 13:56 | |
then how can we expect a black man to change it? | 13:59 | |
And I think that the university is going to slowly | 14:02 | |
start waking up because people here are concerned | 14:05 | |
and are gonna stay here, and the colored people | 14:09 | |
in the community are going to support this thing. | 14:11 | |
And I don't know, I'm sort of proud of Duke with what | 14:13 | |
happened today with the march, because the people, | 14:18 | |
they didn't exactly know what was going on, | 14:20 | |
but they just wanted to show their concern. | 14:22 | |
And the negroes feel that this is an important thing. | 14:24 | |
Host | Chris, I noticed that the demonstrators | 14:27 |
were not invited inside the house. | 14:30 | |
Do you know the reason for this? | 14:32 | |
I don't know whether this was misinterpreted today | 14:36 | |
or not. | 14:37 | |
The 350 who came today were not invited to take part. | 14:38 | |
Ken Ross has just entered. | 14:40 | |
Go ahead and answer this question, Chris. | 14:43 | |
Chris | Well the reason that they weren't allowed | 14:45 |
to enter is the house is already full. | 14:48 | |
I mean, we've got people in every corner, every | 14:50 | |
nook and cranny. | 14:52 | |
Nothing is being disturbed here, we're keeping it | 14:53 | |
in very good order, and we feel that we're making | 14:55 | |
a stand here and we're trying to get to the outside. | 14:59 | |
And the people that came, we asked them to work | 15:02 | |
in the Duke community to help us to spread the word, | 15:05 | |
to get people to come out tomorrow and see what | 15:08 | |
is going on. | 15:10 | |
And that's why, I mean, we just didn't have room for them. | 15:11 | |
That's the only reason. | 15:13 | |
Host | I'd like to re-emphasize the fact that | 15:14 |
they didn't have room for them. | 15:16 | |
I have never seen more people crammed into, | 15:17 | |
although this is a very, very large house, | 15:19 | |
last night when people finally went to sleep, | 15:21 | |
they were sleeping everywhere, sleeping on the stairs, | 15:24 | |
sleeping on the hard rock, and everything else. | 15:26 | |
Host | This is student body president Jon Kinney | 15:35 |
addressing the crowd at Dr. Knight's house. | 15:39 | |
Reporter | The gridlock between Dr. Knight | 15:42 |
and the students has not yet been broken. | 15:44 | |
Dr. Knight continues. | 15:45 | |
Dr. Knight | That's your decision, there will be no | 15:49 |
speech, there will be no chance of my being affected | 15:51 | |
in the ways that you say you want me to be. | 15:56 | |
Reporter | This is Dr. Knight's response to statements | 15:58 |
on the part of the students that they would not leave | 16:01 | |
his home this evening. | 16:03 | |
Dr. Knight | Use the sacristy. | 16:04 |
Sorry but I'm going to have to do it the other way. | 16:07 | |
I'm going to have to do my best to suggest what | 16:12 | |
I think the answers are for us, and then ask to work | 16:17 | |
with you on your answers to these puzzles and see how | 16:21 | |
we get these things together. | 16:27 | |
I'm going to have to ask that we do that. | 16:29 | |
Reporter | Someone had suggested that the students | 16:32 |
proceed to the chapel rather than stay at Dr. Knight's | 16:33 | |
home, however, it has been pointed out that the chapel | 16:35 | |
is locked. | 16:38 | |
Dr. Knight's response. | 16:39 | |
(protestors applaud) | 16:41 | |
Dr. Knight | I do realize it, I have acted on it | 16:49 |
in some ways. | 16:52 | |
If we can have the chance, I'll try to set them forth, | 16:54 | |
the beginning of them at least, tomorrow. | 17:00 | |
And then you can help me, you can help me get at the | 17:03 | |
things that hurt you most, because you've clearly | 17:10 | |
feel that I've missed those, and I'm sure I have. | 17:13 | |
But I think we need a chance, not under this stress, | 17:19 | |
to try to say those things to one another, don't we? | 17:25 | |
Protestor | Dr. Knight, haven't we found out, though, | 17:29 |
as concerned as you are about the war in Vietnam, | 17:31 | |
haven't we found out from the Duke Investment Committee, | 17:34 | |
that the war in Vietnam, the university is going to act | 17:37 | |
amorally? | 17:39 | |
How can we expect now, tonight, this university, | 17:42 | |
not you, sir, not you as a citizen, because I trust | 17:46 | |
you as a citizen. | 17:48 | |
Report | The debate between the students and Dr. Knight | 17:50 |
continues at his home. | 17:55 | |
(protestors applaud) | 17:57 | |
Dr. Knight | And whatever exactly, and here I honestly | 18:04 |
need to talk more with someone like you, Jack, to know | 18:09 | |
what you mean by an institutional promise. | 18:13 | |
But if you think that I can, sitting here, make any | 18:17 | |
sorts of promises for an institution, all I can say | 18:23 | |
is that I simply don't have that power. | 18:25 | |
I'll tell you exactly why I won't, but I've also told you | 18:29 | |
that I'll make my own statement about these matters. | 18:33 | |
I won't sign it as a person, because in fact I simply | 18:38 | |
don't have that freedom. | 18:41 | |
I can't sign it as a person. | 18:43 | |
(protestors object loudly) | 18:45 | |
Reporter | Dr. Knight's response to request that he | 18:47 |
sign the petition presented to him by the students. | 18:49 | |
Dr. Knight | I don't think I was. | 18:55 |
But there are aspects of this one that I can't speak | 18:59 | |
for the institution in. | 19:03 | |
Reporter | As you may have gathered, Dr. Knight earlier | 19:07 |
had signed a petition. | 19:10 | |
I don't know the exact time, prior to this time, | 19:11 | |
that was printed in the New York Times concerning | 19:13 | |
the war in Vietnam. | 19:16 | |
The students are questioning why Dr. Knight will not | 19:17 | |
sign the petition presented to him, which we'll have the | 19:19 | |
text of for you momentarily, after we conclude with our | 19:21 | |
taping of the session. | 19:26 | |
Dr. Knight apparently was not willing to sign the petition, | 19:27 | |
and the conversations continued. | 19:30 | |
Dr. Knight has pointed to the petition presented to him. | 19:32 | |
It had been pointed out that the positions | 19:36 | |
of the students and Dr. Knight are fixed, and that perhaps | 19:38 | |
no further discussion will get us anywhere. | 19:40 | |
(protestors applaud) | 19:44 | |
Some students are willing to leave. | 19:45 | |
Others, apparently, intend to stay at the president's | 19:46 | |
house for the duration of the night. | 19:48 | |
The discussion is continuing, but no progress | 19:51 | |
is being made. | 19:52 | |
Dr. Knight | If I have to be in the position of | 19:55 |
doing it, or seeming to do it, because you said we | 19:59 | |
will sit here until you do do it, then it loses | 20:05 | |
its meaning. | 20:10 | |
And then I lose whatever effectiveness I could have | 20:12 | |
in helping us in this time. | 20:15 | |
And this I do believe, in fact, this I know: | 20:19 | |
and the why of that is tied up with many of the | 20:27 | |
things that I know you want to now confront | 20:33 | |
most directly, the structure as it has been, | 20:39 | |
all the rest of it. | 20:44 | |
It happens to put certain limits on me whether | 20:47 | |
any of us like it or not. | 20:53 | |
And if I'm to be useful in the way you want, | 20:57 | |
and I truly wish to be, then I'd ask you to | 21:05 | |
give me the chance to do that freely, that's all. | 21:12 | |
Jon | I think we need to discuss among ourselves | 21:18 |
and think individually at this point what we're | 21:22 | |
going to do. | 21:24 | |
Reporter | This is student body president Jon Kinney. | 21:26 |
Student body president Jon Kinney. | 21:28 | |
Jon | So in this case, is Dr. Strange here? | 21:32 |
Is he around right now? | 21:36 | |
Reporter | Kinney is referring to Dr. Strange, | 21:38 |
who began the march in the main quad at 7 o'clock | 21:41 | |
this evening. | 21:43 | |
Apparently Dr. Strange was not present at that time. | 21:45 | |
Referring to Dr. Strange, the organizer of the march. | 21:50 | |
Jon | Could you act as moderator of sorts? | 21:56 |
I don't know, I think a lot of the | 22:06 | |
black students, from what I understand, are deciding | 22:08 | |
on whether they're going to stay here tonight or not, | 22:13 | |
on whether the white students stay, and whether they're | 22:15 | |
really sincere or not. | 22:18 | |
They came here with the idea that some of us were sincere | 22:20 | |
in what we believe. | 22:21 | |
I think maybe sincerity could express itself in | 22:24 | |
different ways. | 22:27 | |
Some of us staying here, some elsewhere. | 22:28 | |
I think my sincerity says I stay, personally. | 22:30 | |
I think if we all stay... | 22:35 | |
(protestors applaud) | 22:36 | |
Reporter | As you can hear, president Kinney | 22:39 |
reversed his position earlier in the evening that | 22:41 | |
he would be leaving, feeling that this was too much | 22:44 | |
pressure on Dr. Knight, and decided that he would | 22:46 | |
be staying for the duration of the night. | 22:48 | |
Jon | We'll be staying with some black students, | 22:54 |
and I think that means a lot to me, particularly | 22:56 | |
if we look at the situation that has happened. | 22:59 | |
If a lot of us leave, we must make sure that we | 23:02 | |
make clear our feelings and our reasons, | 23:05 | |
and they must be true reasons, to the black students. | 23:08 | |
And I think you'd have to be honest, you have to be | 23:11 | |
able to walk up to a black student and say | 23:13 | |
I honestly believe, I see Dr. Knight's point | 23:15 | |
and I think there is a good point there. | 23:17 | |
So I think somebody who does leave has to realize | 23:20 | |
this, that he should be able to walk up to a black | 23:25 | |
student and explain the tactics were wrong, | 23:27 | |
what we did was wrong, or whatever, what they | 23:30 | |
were doing was wrong. | 23:33 | |
I, myself, have made the decision. | 23:34 | |
I think I will stay and if, Bunny, if you'll just | 23:36 | |
try to take over at this point and see how people feel. | 23:41 | |
I think most people have... | 23:46 | |
Bunny | Which one? | 23:52 |
People are talking on it. | 23:54 | |
Reporter | This is former panhellenic council president | 23:57 |
Bunny Small, speaking to the students. | 24:00 | |
Bunny | This is the way they can act out what they | 24:03 |
feel to do. | 24:06 | |
If you feel to stay, I will support that. | 24:08 | |
Reporter | Dr. Knight's reaction to the question | 24:11 |
if people would say what his reaction would be, | 24:13 | |
he has no comment. | 24:15 | |
Dr. Knight | My reaction is that, if I can tell you what | 24:18 |
I feel, this limits very much my freedom to do the | 24:20 | |
very thing that you're asking that we do together. | 24:26 | |
It's as simple as that. | 24:30 | |
Reporter | Sir, we understand your position. | 24:34 |
Can you disclose your course of action should the | 24:35 | |
students decide to stay here for the evening? | 24:37 | |
Will you allow them to stay? | 24:39 | |
Dr. Knight | I certainly don't feel that removing | 24:42 |
them by force is an answer to our problems. | 24:47 | |
Yes, they may stay. | 24:52 | |
Reporter | Thank you, sir. | 24:53 |
Jon | Another point I'd like to make, if Dr. King | 25:00 |
died fighting the kinds of things he's fought for, | 25:01 | |
that black people are dying on the streets, | 25:05 | |
although we don't have casualty rates yet, | 25:08 | |
I assure you that they're dying on the streets | 25:10 | |
tonight all over the country, I think the least | 25:12 | |
we can do is sit around in these nice, plush chairs | 25:13 | |
in this six inch pile carpet and stick together | 25:15 | |
in this thing. | 25:19 | |
He's not gonna throw all of us out of school. | 25:20 | |
(protestors cheer) | 25:21 |
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