Creighton Lacy - "A Social Creed in Poetry and Practice" (January 23, 1966)

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	(slow piano music)	0:04
Preacher	Those of you who were in the congregation	0:26
	last Sunday were reminded or informed	0:29
	that 1966 marks the bicentennial of Methodism in America.	0:32
	Without any collusion or even knowledge	0:39
	of Chaplain Wilkinson's sermon,	0:41
	I had planned to make my own modest contribution	0:44
	to that anniversary	0:46
	in the tribute to one of the most influential,	0:48
	but least known Christian statesman of the past century.	0:51
	If any of you recognize the name of Frank Mason North,	0:56
	it is probably as the author of the hymn,	1:01
	which we have just finished singing,	1:03
	"Where across the crowded ways of life,	1:06
	"where sound the cries of race and clan,	1:09
	"above the noise of selfish strife,	1:13
	we hear Thy I voice, O son of man."	1:16
	Born in exactly mid century 1850,	1:21
	North was in some respects a typical Victorian Clergyman.	1:24
	After graduating from Wesleyan University,	1:29
	he worked for less than a year in his father's business	1:31
	before deciding that he must be	1:35
	about his heavenly Father's business.	1:37
	For nearly 20 years, he served Methodist pastorates	1:40
	in New York city and its suburbs.	1:43
	If there was any one theme underlying all of his preaching,	1:46
	it was man's active partnership with God.	1:50
	In sharp distinction to Calvin's Doctrine of Election,	1:55
	North affirmed his Wesleyan-Arminian conviction	1:58
	that salvation is conditional	2:03
	upon the believer's response and responsibility	2:05
	as a free moral agent.	2:09
	God calls but he does not coerce.	2:12
	In the realm of personal ethics,	2:17
	most of you would consider Frank Mason North	2:18
	hopelessly square.	2:21
	He knew that pace boards with red and black symbols	2:23
	are not sinful in themselves,	2:26
	but he believed that card playing could lead	2:28
	to many forms of evil.	2:31
	Convinced that most playwrights	2:33
	and actors led immoral lives,	2:35
	he regarded the theater as a center of corruption.	2:37
	Dancing, he referred to as midnight gymnastics	2:41
	or agility at the expense of intellect.	2:45
	Attributing a large proportion of poverty	2:50
	and crime to liquor,	2:52
	he declared that major responsibility	2:54
	for drunkenness in society	2:56
	rests on those who themselves never get drunk,	2:59
	but that quote,	3:02
	"Every drop that goes into the system	3:04
	drives just that much true manhood out." end quote.	3:06
	Maybe he was right.	3:12
	His favorite sermon text in this area seemed to be,	3:13
	"If meet make my brother to offend	3:17
	"I will eat no flesh."	3:19
	His favorite illustration,	3:21
	"The mountaineer who is skillful	3:22
	"leaps across dangerous chasms,	3:24
	"tempted others into fatal attempt at imitation."	3:27
	Such an ethical criterion deserves more attention	3:31
	than it receives today.	3:34
	In other respects, however,	3:38
	Frank Mason north was 50 years ahead of his time.	3:39
	Few Christian leaders during the first two decades	3:43
	of this century,	3:46
	pioneered more decisively in more varied activities.	3:46
	If three solid points can turn a biography into a sermon,	3:51
	I shall have no difficulty this morning.	3:55
	For North stood at the height of his career	3:58
	on the frontiers of the social gospel	4:01
	of the missionary enterprise and of the ecumenical movement.	4:04
	Let me review for you very briefly,	4:09
	some of these positions and the faith	4:10
	which undergirded them.	4:13
	In 1892, Frank Mason North became secretary	4:16
	of the New York City Church Extension	4:19
	and Missionary Society.	4:22
	This agency existed and still exist	4:24
	to initiate, supervise and coordinate	4:27
	the numerous inner city projects	4:30
	of the world's largest metropolis.	4:32
	The famous Church of All Nations	4:34
	was founded during this period	4:36
	and separate congregations were organized	4:38
	from most of the diverse ethnic	4:41
	or linguistic immigrant groups.	4:43
	Germans, Italians, Russians, Poles, Chinese, Japanese.	4:45
	Problems of crime and vice of political corruption	4:51
	and economic exploitation multiplied rapidly	4:55
	as commerce and industrialization accelerated.	4:58
	in 1904, in his house Oregon, the Christian City,	5:03
	North speculated about the probable effects	5:06
	of the new subway, which could transport passengers	5:09
	from 125th Street to Brooklyn Bridge	5:12
	in 20 to 25 minutes.	5:15
	He did not envision the chaos created	5:17
	when it might cease to transport its millions of passengers.	5:20
	In haunts of wretchedness and need	5:25
	across shadowed thresholds,	5:28
	dark with fears and grief and greed,	5:30
	Frank Mason North walked the city streets,	5:34
	a tall dignified man with a Prince Albert coat	5:36
	and a heart of compassion as large as the parish he served.	5:40
	Through his editorial columns	5:44
	and half a dozen church magazines	5:46
	from the platforms of Carnegie Hall	5:48
	or Union Square, in countless pulpits,	5:50
	North pled for a recognition of Christian responsibility,	5:53
	amid urban needs.	5:57
	As early as 1892, 15 years before Walter Rauschenbusch	5:59
	published his first influential book,	6:04
	Frank Mason North deplored the fact that quote,	6:07
	"There are people who do not perceive	6:11
	"that God is at work in the secular world	6:13
	"as truly as he is in the religious." end quote.	6:16
	Is the Christian he asked repeatedly	6:21
	to rejoice in the growing light of the suburbs	6:23
	while the shadows deepen	6:25
	and lengthen upon the heart of the city.	6:27
	No wonder it has been said that Harvey Cox's concern	6:30
	for The Secular City today	6:33
	is merely a return to the insights	6:36
	and the sensitivity of the early social gospel.	6:38
	Surprisingly enough, North had very seldom preached	6:43
	on the social application of Christianity	6:45
	during his pastoral ministry.	6:48
	In 1891 however, he published "In Zion's Herald.",	6:51
	a Methodist periodical, one of the most important writings	6:55
	in the entire social gospel movement.	6:58
	A series of four articles on socialism and Christianity.	7:01
	Pointing to a number of parallels between these two faiths,	7:06
	North acknowledged the dangers	7:10
	and limitations of socialism	7:12
	restricted by its concern for one world instead of two.	7:14
	But he insisted that its best ideals	7:19
	were those of true Christianity.	7:21
	That the church was guilty of propagating	7:24
	the fundamental misconception that the gospel is quote,	7:26
	"A divine contrivance for redeeming man	7:31
	"from this present world rather than in it.	7:34
	"The half-truth that Christ came to rescue the individual,	7:38
	"not to reform society." end quote.	7:42
	15 years later, Frank Mason North joined	7:47
	with half a dozen younger colleagues	7:49
	to organize the Methodist Federation for Social Service,	7:51
	an agency which more recently	7:56
	has drawn controversial attack,	7:57
	but which initially earned the overwhelming	8:00
	though unofficial support of the Methodist Episcopal Church.	8:02
	The following year 1908,	8:06
	members of the federation including North,	8:09
	composed the 10 point bill of rights for labor,	8:12
	which was adopted by the Methodist General Conference	8:15
	as its social creed.	8:18
	Six months after that,	8:20
	Frank Mason North took this statement,	8:22
	incorporated it into a stirring theological treatise	8:25
	on Christian social responsibility	8:28
	and presented it to the first meeting	8:31
	of the Federal Council of Churches	8:33
	as a report on the churches and modern industry.	8:35
	"They are North Larger Formulation"	8:39
	officially adopted became the social creed of the churches,	8:42
	a milestone in American Christianity.	8:46
	What distinguishes the social creed	8:50
	in spite of later distortions by friends	8:52
	and critics alike,	8:55
	is it's unequivocal affirmation	8:56
	of the supreme authority of Jesus Christ.	8:58
	Not merely to reform society,	9:02
	but to save it.	9:04
	As the preamble asserts,	9:06
	"The church becomes worthless for its higher purpose	9:08
	"when it deals with conditions	9:12
	"and forgets character,	9:14
	"relieves misery and ignores sin,	9:16
	"pleads for justice and undervalues forgiveness."	9:20
	But the reason for this concern,	9:25
	North made abundantly clear the nature	9:26
	and purpose of the gospel itself.	9:29
	"The church does not lay foundations of a social order."	9:32
	he declared, "It discloses them	9:35
	"they are already laid.	9:38
	"Nothing that concerns human life	9:40
	"can be alien to the church of Christ." end quote.	9:43
	Thus for 20 years,	9:49
	Frank Mason North moved among the panelists immigrants	9:50
	and the wealthy philanthropists of New York City.	9:53
	By his challenge to christian justice and compassion,	9:57
	by his personal character and commitment,	10:00
	he not only attracted large donations	10:02
	for the work of the city society,	10:05
	but he persuaded prominent citizens	10:07
	to visit the rescue missions,	10:09
	to kneel in prayer with the so-called Bowery Bums,	10:11
	to talk with union leaders and Tammany politicians.	10:15
	After exactly two decades in this position,	10:20
	North was elected by the Methodist General Conference	10:23
	as one of three corresponding secretaries	10:25
	in the board of foreign missions.	10:28
	Frank Mason North's pioneer vision shown as brightly	10:32
	through his missionary administration,	10:36
	as it head in the inner city	10:38
	though he was already in his sixties.	10:39
	His belief in Christian responsibility	10:42
	for world service and evangelism	10:45
	rested again on his Wesleyan Theology.	10:47
	"Men should be the instruments for saving men.",	10:51
	he declared, "In fact, man is the sole medium	10:54
	"by which the gospel can come to unsaved humanity."	10:58
	In language which strikingly anticipates	11:03
	present day mission theology,	11:05
	he asserted in a youthful sermon back in 1881,	11:07
	"The church is a mission,	11:11
	"a far more dynamic concept than simply the church	11:14
	"has a mission."	11:18
	In fact, North went on to proclaim this mission	11:19
	as an essential element	11:22
	in any genuinely religious experience.	11:24
	"The call to tell the glad tidings," he said,	11:28
	"is as surely a part of personal salvation	11:31
	"as is the forgiveness of sins."	11:35
	As Jonah discovered long long ago,	11:39
	the summons to mission is inescapable.	11:41
	The only question a faithful Christian need consider	11:43
	is where or how.	11:46
	Those of you who are familiar	11:49
	with contemporary mission writing	11:51
	in the pages of motive of D.T.Niles,	11:52
	will recognize how forward-looking	11:55
	such insights must have been 85 years ago.	11:57
	Even more remarkable,	12:03
	North's concern for the mission of the church	12:04
	was not based on any narrow 19th century pietism.	12:06
	His entire life and thought	12:11
	found its purpose and power	12:13
	in a personal experience of Jesus Christ.	12:15
	But this was an eternal and living Christ	12:19
	as relevant to the present and the future as to the past.	12:22
	There is no time here to discuss North's calm,	12:28
	reasonable acceptance of evolution, biblical criticism,	12:31
	and other controversial views,	12:35
	which were rocking many segments of the Christian community.	12:37
	Though some of these issues appeared	12:41
	at that time even more shocking	12:42
	than the socialism of Christianity.	12:44
	Significantly, Frank Mason North	12:47
	confronted the world mission of the church	12:49
	from a new theological frontier	12:52
	in his attitude toward non-Christian religions.	12:54
	Most 19th century missionaries had responded	12:58
	to Christ's call with a clear conviction	13:01
	that all those individuals of every nation,	13:04
	race and creed who did not consciously	13:06
	and openly accept the gospel,	13:10
	presumably expressed in baptism and church membership	13:12
	were doomed to eternal punishment.	13:16
	Even today, when we try to fathom the mysteries	13:19
	of salvation, many of us are perplexed	13:22
	by the seeming contradiction	13:25
	between inclusive love and exclusive judgment	13:27
	in the Christian gospel.	13:31
	North did not presume to offer logical answers,	13:34
	but he did have clear theological beliefs.	13:38
	One of these in regard to non-Christians	13:42
	was that God will not condemn them	13:45
	because they do not believe in truths they have never heard.	13:48
	Expressing the hope that such exceptions	13:53
	need not be made in a Christian land,	13:55
	he took the still more radical position that quote,	13:58
	"I care not whether they are in the church or not,	14:01
	"God requires of us only according to our light." end quote.	14:05
	In other words, the conditions for Christian salvation	14:11
	are always a conjunction of opportunity and responsibility.	14:14
	Incidentally in this connection,	14:20
	North did not hesitate to link	14:21
	with the poor degraded heathen,	14:23
	the man of prejudice habits of thought and life,	14:26
	both standing equally in need of redeeming grace.	14:31
	The mission of the church therefore,	14:36
	is not to take Christ to the man of superstition,	14:38
	whether that superstition be rooted in ignorance or bigotry	14:42
	for Christ is already there already,	14:46
	already Lord of all nations and all cultures.	14:48
	The missionary is called to witness in deed	14:52
	as well as word,	14:55
	to that Christian presence in the world.	14:57
	To take this modern theology of mission one step further,	15:00
	one might say the Christian is called	15:03
	to be that presence of Christ,	15:05
	that love made manifest.	15:09
	In China Town, in South African ghettos	15:11
	or among Hindu burning gods.	15:15
	North would have rejoiced as some of us did at the news	15:18
	that the Choir of Christ Methodist Church in New Delhi	15:21
	sung Christian hymns,	15:25
	while the body of prime minister Shastri	15:26
	lay in state last week.	15:28
	This was a unique but meaningful kind of Christian presence.	15:31
	"The work of the gospel is one."	15:37
	he told his parishioners, "Whether at out doors	15:39
	"or at the (mumbles)	15:42
	"it is not more true that missions need us	15:44
	"than that we need missions."	15:47
	The third arena of Frank Mason North statesmanship	15:53
	was the Ecumenical Movement.	15:56
	As early as the 1890s,	15:58
	North had been active in interdenominational federations	16:00
	with such noted church men as Washington Gladden	16:04
	and Josiah Strong, he was one of the founders in 1894	16:07
	of the Open and Institutional Church League.	16:12
	The open referred to their effort	16:15
	to abolish the pure rem system	16:17
	as inefficient, undemocratic and unChristian.	16:20
	The institutional indicated and attempt	16:25
	to utilize church buildings during the week	16:27
	for social, recreational and educational programs	16:30
	of many kinds.	16:34
	Out of this league and other local and national federations	16:36
	came the planning for a Federal Council	16:40
	of the Churches of Christ in America,	16:42
	inaugurated in 1908.	16:45
	As North put it in one of his council reports quote,	16:47
	"We waive no right or privilege,	16:51
	"we break with no sound tradition,	16:54
	"we surrender no precious heritage,	16:57
	"but the church has but one inalienable right,	17:01
	"the right of finding Christ in the world of today	17:04
	"and interpreting him in all his sacrificial	17:08
	"and triumphant power to that world.	17:11
	"It is not in their history, their traditions,	17:15
	their formula, that the churches of Christ can be one.	17:18
	"It is alone in Christ himself." end quote.	17:22
	During the first quadrant AM of the council,	17:28
	Frank Mason North served as chairman	17:30
	of the Commission on the Churches	17:33
	and Social Service.	17:34
	From 1912 to 1916,	17:36
	he was chairman of the executive committee.	17:39
	And in 1916, as the war clouds spread	17:41
	from Europe to the United States,	17:45
	he was elected president of the council,	17:47
	for a crucial four year term.	17:49
	Although the churches rallied	17:52
	more enthusiastically around the war effort	17:53
	in 1917 than they have in recent years,	17:56
	North's was always the voice of restraint,	17:59
	of sympathy for the foe, of hope for world brotherhood	18:02
	and world organization beyond the horrors of war.	18:07
	Very shortly after the armistice,	18:12
	Frank Mason North journey to Europe	18:13
	on a multiple mission	18:15
	to survey opportunities for expanded Methodist work,	18:17
	to inspire and coordinate relief and rehabilitation programs	18:21
	and to deliver to the Versailles Peace Conference,	18:26
	the federal council of churches appeal	18:29
	for a league of free nations as the political expression	18:31
	of the kingdom of God on earth.	18:36
	In all the practical details of war time responsibility,	18:40
	North kept constantly in mind, the ecumenical dream.	18:44
	The underlying question quote,	18:48
	"whether the inheritance of the splendid,	18:51
	"but narrow conscience of our fathers	18:53
	"necessarily creates for us a proper barrier	18:56
	"between ourselves and Christians of another name,	19:00
	"whether after all the essentials in which we are all one,	19:03
	"if they are really set on fire,	19:07
	"may not burn the barriers away	19:10
	"and give us a common life in the fellowship	19:12
	of our Lord Jesus Christ." end quote.	19:15
	Two days before his 70th birthday,	19:20
	Frank Mason North turned over the presidency	19:23
	of the Federal Council of Churches	19:25
	to another ecumenical statesman, Robert Spear.	19:28
	In his valedictory, North offered this assurance	19:32
	to those who feared or doubted the Federal Council,	19:35
	"The good of all must come not by the negation,	19:39
	"but by the affirmation of the values of each.	19:44
	"It is a worthy aim equally appropriate	19:48
	"for the ecumenical movement today."	19:51
	For four years more, North continued to direct	19:55
	the Methodist Board of Missions	19:58
	and retained an advisory capacity still longer.	19:59
	In the last decade before his death in 1935	20:03
	at the age of 85,	20:06
	he taught missions of Drew University,	20:08
	began a history of Methodist missions	20:11
	and continued to serve actively	20:13
	on various boards and agencies.	20:15
	In his 83rd year, he presented to The Federal Council,	20:18
	a revised social creative.	20:21
	This committee report included	20:24
	among progressive new provisions	20:26
	just prior to Franklin Roosevelt's new deal,	20:28
	freedom to dispense birth control information,	20:33
	recognition of broader grounds for divorce,	20:36
	wider and fairer distribution of wealth,	20:40
	social insurance and social control of the economic process.	20:44
	What message does Frank Mason North have for us	20:52
	30 years after his death?	20:55
	He was not a systematic theologian	20:57
	though he had conscious and conscientious reasons	20:59
	for avoiding dogmatic controversy.	21:02
	First, that beyond the simple faith in Christ,	21:05
	which is basic to salvation,	21:08
	God's ways are mysteries	21:10
	which man cannot presume to fathom.	21:12
	Second, that man's freedom of thought	21:15
	and responsibility of action are essential to true religion.	21:18
	Third, the theological speculation and debate	21:23
	may divert Christians from their central purpose	21:27
	of active service and neighbor love.	21:30
	Nevertheless, the basic tenant of North's faith	21:35
	was human freedom to choose or to reject,	21:38
	to give or to get, to follow or to disobey.	21:41
	For Frank Mason North, Jesus could not be merely historical	21:46
	or merely an ideal.	21:51
	"We need to feel that Christ is this morning	21:53
	"an actual being." he said,	21:56
	"A personality as truly as you and I are	21:58
	"that he thinks, feels, perceives.	22:01
	"With this kind of a living Lord,	22:05
	"man could and should cooperate,	22:07
	"but are never compelled.	22:09
	"He could not save us without our consent."	22:13
	North asserted strongly, "But he could die for us	22:16
	"and by that death prove to us the Father's love.	22:20
	"Yet our stubbornness denial or rejection	22:26
	cannot change the reality of God and his love."	22:29
	To the death of God Theologian North would probably say,	22:34
	as he did in 1879, "Walk, if you choose in your own shadow,	22:37
	"hide yourselves, you cannot hide the sun.	22:43
	"Burrow into your rocky caves, the sun is no less shining.	22:47
	"Hurry into your idle temples	22:52
	"and peer through the stained windows of your superstition	22:53
	"and yet the sun is risen."	22:57
	On one hand Frank Mason North believed firmly	23:02
	in justification by faith.	23:05
	He was equally convinced that faith without works is dead.	23:08
	"Conversions, which still leave man liars, cheats, covetous,	23:14
	"worldly minded are not counted in the kingdom of God."	23:19
	he declared.	23:23
	Nor did he see any need for an opposition	23:24
	between faith and reason.	23:26
	"We need a Christian revival of natural religion."	23:28
	he suggested early in his ministry.	23:32
	So certain was he that God's power	23:34
	and purpose extended to all mankind	23:36
	that he insisted quote, "Christ is the savior	23:39
	"of all who are saved, whether they have ever heard of him	23:43
	"in this life or not.	23:48
	"It is in the nature of God to deal with every soul,	23:50
	"both righteously and the mercifully." end quote.	23:54
	Repeatedly at every stage in his career,	24:00
	North rejected any conflict between science and religion,	24:03
	often ridiculing those who feared	24:07
	and avoided scientific hypotheses,	24:09
	he maintained that science could explain the how of nature,	24:11
	but not the why,	24:16
	the laws, but not the cause.	24:18
	One cannot leave the thought of Frank Mason North	24:23
	without coming back to the social gospel	24:25
	though he is himself seldom, if ever used that term.	24:28
	He believed thoroughly that the church has an obligation	24:32
	to make moral judgments in society	24:35
	and to inspire its members to responsible citizenship.	24:38
	"It is neither socialism nor paternalism,"	24:43
	he wrote in 1898, "for the Christian body	24:46
	"to demand of government just provision	24:50
	"for the physical and social welfare of the people	24:53
	"whom in God's name, it governs."	24:57
	In one of his most powerful addresses,	25:01
	he declared that the mission of Jesus was quote,	25:03
	"Not the satisfaction of the outrage justice of God,	25:07
	"not to select from humanity some the chosen spirits	25:12
	"for a new Commonwealth at the skies,	25:15
	"not do upbuild upon the earth an institution	25:19
	"to conserve his true,	25:22
	"but a mission to humanity, to establish a kingdom of God	25:25
	"that is, the reign of God in human hearts	25:31
	"and so in human life and institutions." end quote.	25:34
	If that is the true meaning of salvation,	25:40
	it is therefore the Christian mission in the world.	25:43
	Through this mission, Frank Mason North gave himself	25:48
	through a long lifetime.	25:51
	In his pastoral ministry, in his work in urban slums	25:53
	and settlement houses, in directing the world outreach	25:56
	of the church	25:59
	and strengthening the bonds of Christian unity.	26:01
	It may be an oversimplification,	26:04
	but it is not inaccurate to say that,	26:07
	while older Rauschenbusch	26:10
	taught the social gospel in Rochester Seminary,	26:11
	while Washington Gladden preached it in Columbus, Ohio,	26:15
	Frank Mason North practiced it on the sidewalks of New York.	26:19
	But it is safe to predict that when all of his social	26:25
	and institutional and ecumenical achievements are forgotten,	26:28
	Christians of many races and creeds	26:32
	will be singing the greatest of North's poems	26:35
	appropriately entitled "A Prayer for the Multitudes."	26:38
	For in that hymn, which we have sung this morning	26:43
	lies the central affirmation of his faith	26:46
	and perhaps of yours and mine.	26:49
	That behind our human concern for wretchedness and need,	26:53
	for famish souls and burden toil,	26:58
	stands the compassion of the son of God,	27:01
	who is also son of man.	27:04
	The cup of water is not enough	27:08
	unless it helps man to see his grace,	27:11
	the welfare programs, the civil rights,	27:16
	the ministries of teaching and healing	27:19
	all are essential expressions of Christ's mission.	27:22
	But we fail in our task if through them,	27:28
	we do not help these multitudes	27:32
	to see the sweet compassion of his face.	27:35
	Let us pray.	27:41
	Oh master from the mountain side,	27:49
	make haste to heal these hearts of pain,	27:51
	among these restless throngs abide,	27:54
	oh, tread the city's streets again,	27:58
	till sons of men shall learn Thy love	28:01
	and follow where Thy feet have trod	28:04
	till glorious from Thy Heaven above	28:08
	shall come the city of our God,	28:11
	may grace, mercy, and peace guide all that you do and are	28:16
	now and forever more.	28:22
	(congregation singing)	28:30

Item Info

Title:

Creighton Lacy - "A Social Creed in Poetry and Practice" (January 23, 1966)

Permalink:

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4qc0066z

Date:

January 23, 1966

Speaker:

Lacy, Creighton

Contributor:

Duke University. Chapel

Identifier:

UA.17.01.0003 RR-0323
ref5851_qtg
uachapelsermaud
duke:627987
dcrau002320
ark:/87924/r4qc0066z
0f74a6d8-6549-4dfc-addc-759d34ce276f

Digital Collection:

Duke Chapel Recordings

Source Collection:

Duke University Chapel recordings, 1954-2005

Language:

English

Location:

United States
North Carolina
Durham (N.C.)

Format:

Provenance:

The Duke University Chapel Recordings were transferred to the Duke University Archives beginning in 1970.

Rights:

No Re-Use

In Copyright

Rights Note:

This material is made available for research, scholarship, and private study. Copyright in this material has not been transferred to Duke University. For reuses of this material beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please see our page on copyright and citations: https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions.

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Creighton Lacy - "A Social Creed in Poetry and Practice" (January 23, 1966)

Transcript

Item Info

Duke University Archives

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