Howard C. Wilkinson - "The Nature of Christmas" (December 13, 1959)

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-	Before another Sunday comes,	0:22
	the vast majority of the Duke student body	0:25
	will have turned homeward to celebrate Christmas.	0:29
	The student who tacked up the notice on the bulletin board	0:35
	advertising rider wanted for a trip to Bainbridge	0:39
	leaving Saturday at 1:08 AM	0:44
	will have contacted the student whose notice	0:50
	was tacked up on the bulletin board four layers deep,	0:54
	advertising ride wanted to Bainbridge	0:58
	leaving Saturday at 1:08 PM.	1:03
	They will have adjusted the compromise departure time	1:08
	and will have left to go to Bainbridge	1:14
	to celebrate Christmas.	1:18
	Before next Sunday,	1:21
	the air lanes will be filled with planes,	1:22
	struggling and throbbing	1:27
	under the heavy load of students and luggage,	1:29
	mainly luggage, headed home to celebrate Christmas.	1:33
	The student from Burma	1:41
	who expects to remain in Durham during the holidays,	1:43
	and the student from Hickory	1:48
	who expects to be in Hickory during the holidays	1:49
	are alike making preparations to celebrate Christmas.	1:54
	Now, if history repeats itself,	2:00
	and does this year what it has done in the past,	2:04
	there will be a great many of our citizens	2:07
	who will very sharply criticize the fashion	2:11
	in which a great many of their fellow citizens	2:15
	do this celebrating.	2:18
	I, for one, am not entirely sure	2:22
	that all of this criticism is valid,	2:24
	for the reason that I believe most people have at best	2:28
	a very foggy notion of what it is they are to celebrate.	2:33
	They really do not know what Christmas is all about.	2:39
	And even as they have a very foggy notion	2:45
	of what it is they are to celebrate,	2:48
	they have a very vague anxiety,	2:52
	which centers around the fact that they have a feeling	2:56
	there is something important here in Christmas	3:01
	which should be observed and celebrated,	3:05
	and they want to do it.	3:09
	And consequently, what usually happens is	3:11
	that we pull out all the stops	3:15
	and do a general celebration and hope that somewhere,	3:17
	and sometime during the Christmas season,	3:22
	we shall in some way hit upon that one important thing	3:26
	that is to be celebrated in Christmas	3:32
	and celebrated if for only a few fleeting moments.	3:34
	Well, now, if this is a correct analysis,	3:40
	then it is certainly an order that on this last Sunday,	3:42
	before we go home to commence our celebrating,	3:47
	we should spend a little time	3:50
	considering what it is that we are to celebrate.	3:52
	What is then the nature of Christmas?	3:57
	Perhaps a good way to approach an answer to this question	4:01
	is to commence by a negative approach	4:06
	and consider some things which Christmas	4:12
	often is thought to be, but which it is not.	4:14
	And perhaps even as Columbus	4:19
	thought to go east by sailing west,	4:22
	we can arrive at a positive answer	4:24
	to the question of what Christmas is	4:27
	by thinking first of what it is not.	4:29
	The first thing which Christmas often is thought to be,	4:33
	but which it is not,	4:36
	is an emphasis upon that day in the calendar	4:38
	which we designate as December 25.	4:42
	Unfortunately, there are some people who have thought	4:47
	that if in some fashion they observe this day,	4:51
	they have celebrated Christmas, and so they feel	4:54
	that if they do not go to classes on December 25	4:58
	or do not report for work in an office on December 25,	5:02
	that they have thereby celebrated Christmas.	5:05
	This is not the case.	5:10
	We are going to have to get over	5:13
	our idolatry of that date in the calendar.	5:16
	December 25th, let it be said, is not a holy day	5:21
	in the sense that some other day of the year is not.	5:26
	December 25 has absolutely nothing to do	5:31
	with the central nature of Christmas.	5:36
	Indeed, if the facts were stated,	5:41
	it is very unlikely that Jesus even was born on December 25.	5:42
	It is most likely that he was not born on December 25.	5:49
	Now, if you will simply remember	5:55
	that the scriptures nowhere affirm or declare December 25	5:57
	to be the date of the birth of the Lord Jesus Christ.	6:02
	You can see why it is at least possible	6:07
	that this was not the date.	6:10
	As a matter of fact,	6:13
	the scriptures do not give us any clue at all	6:14
	as to the day on which Christ was born.	6:18
	The only indication that the scriptures do give us	6:23
	about when he might have been born is this one little token,	6:26
	Luke Two verse Eight, and there were in that same country,	6:31
	shepherds abiding in the field,	6:37
	keeping watch over their flock by night.	6:42
	Now, when you remember the fact	6:49
	that the seasons of the year in Palestine	6:51
	are roughly the same as the seasons here,	6:54
	since Palestine is about on a level with Georgia,	6:58
	you can see how that at this time of the year,	7:02
	things would be pretty cold in Palestine.	7:06
	Our very excellent student friend, Ghazi Cubine,	7:13
	who comes here to Duke from Bethlehem	7:16
	and who has lived a short distance	7:19
	outside the town of Bethlehem	7:21
	at approximately the same location	7:23
	where the shepherds were supposed to have been	7:26
	when they heard the story from Heaven.	7:28
	You will consult him,	7:31
	he will tell you that on December 25th,	7:32
	there were not shepherds abiding in the field,	7:38
	keeping watch over their flocks by night.	7:42
	In the first place, in December,	7:46
	there is no grass out in the field for the sheep to eat.	7:48
	Second place, it is cold.	7:52
	And at this time of year,	7:55
	the shepherds have their sheep in the caves of Palestine	7:58
	or in the fold at night.	8:01
	You will remember that some of the references	8:04
	which Jesus made to sheep herding in the land of Palestine	8:06
	had to do with their being in the fold or in the cave,	8:10
	and there are other references	8:14
	where they are out in the field at night,	8:15
	it being too hot for them to eat during the day,	8:18
	and they need to eat at night.	8:20
	Shepherds abiding in the field,	8:24
	keeping watch over their flock by night	8:26
	sounds more like a spring or a summer event.	8:28
	We have no way to know exactly	8:34
	from the records which are at hand.	8:36
	But the important thing	8:40
	for us to remember in this connection	8:41
	is that it really doesn't matter when Jesus was born,	8:43
	what day of the calendar.	8:49
	The important thing is the fact that he was born	8:52
	and that we celebrate the significance of his birth.	8:57
	You know, the British have realized this	9:02
	for quite a long time.	9:04
	Some of you may know	9:07
	that the birth of the Sovereign of England	9:08
	is almost never celebrated on the anniversary	9:12
	of the day of his actual birth.	9:16
	The present Queen of England was actually born on April 21,	9:20
	but this year,	9:26
	her birthday was officially celebrated on June 13	9:27
	because that happened to be a day in England	9:31
	that was more convenient	9:34
	for the people to assemble together	9:36
	to celebrate the birthday of the Queen.	9:37
	And in their thinking,	9:40
	it was purely incidental that she was not born on June 13.	9:42
	They did not pay a special attention	9:47
	to observing the significance of the reality of the Queen	9:50
	on the day when she actually was born,	9:57
	and so it doesn't matter really when Jesus was born.	10:00
	The fact is He was.	10:07
	Now in this connection,	10:10
	I think it might be very instructive	10:11
	if we were to take a look at the way	10:13
	by which the church decided	10:17
	to celebrate the birthday of Jesus on December 25.	10:21
	You may know that for the first 300 years	10:27
	in the life of the church,	10:30
	there was no celebration whatsoever of Christmas.	10:31
	The church paid no attention at all	10:35
	to the birthday of Jesus for the first three centuries.	10:38
	It did, however, from the beginning,	10:42
	celebrate the death of Jesus and the resurrection of Jesus,	10:45
	but it was not until the ritual	10:49
	and the forms of worship and the calendar year	10:52
	had all been fairly well fixed in the church	10:56
	that around the city of Rome,	10:59
	about the middle of the 4th century,	11:01
	it occurred to them that they should celebrate Christmas,	11:03
	the birthday of Jesus Christ.	11:07
	It's interesting that because of a theological reason,	11:11
	the date which was originally selected	11:15
	for the celebration of Christmas	11:17
	in the church in Rome was January six.	11:19
	And incidentally, that date	11:23
	has remained fixed in the practice	11:24
	of the Eastern Orthodox Church until this day.	11:27
	They have never celebrated Christmas on December 25,	11:30
	always on January six.	11:33
	In Rome, however, the church very soon	11:37
	moved away from January six	11:39
	to the date of December 25 for two reasons.	11:41
	Neither one of which	11:45
	was based upon any shred of documentary evidence	11:48
	that he actually was born on that day.	11:54
	The first reason was theological.	11:59
	The second reason was practical.	12:02
	The theological reason ran something like this.	12:05
	They said God created the world and the universe,	12:10
	and He must have created it at the Vernal Equinox	12:15
	because it seems that that is when life begins	12:20
	in the spring, March 25.	12:23
	And then they reasoned from that point to say	12:27
	well, Jesus was God's new creation,	12:31
	and He would not have had His new creation	12:35
	confused with His first or natural creation,	12:38
	and so He would have moved down to the Winter Solstice	12:42
	and would have had His new creation come nine months later,	12:46
	which would be December 25.	12:50
	And so for this theological reason or theory,	12:55
	they had one, support for December 25,	12:59
	but there was a second reason,	13:03
	and this was the practical one.	13:04
	It so happened that in Rome,	13:07
	the pagan religion of Mithraism	13:10
	had a huge pagan celebration on December 25.	13:14
	This was the alleged birthday of their god, Sol Invictus,	13:20
	and everybody celebrated his birthday	13:26
	in thoroughly pagan fashion.	13:29
	Well now the church did not have any celebration	13:33
	to correspond to the celebration	13:36
	of the birthday of Sol Invictus,	13:38
	and so the Christians very often were a little bit alone	13:42
	and feeling somewhat strange on that day	13:48
	because the whole world was going out to celebrate.	13:51
	And it seemed to them that if they were to celebrate	13:55
	the birthday of their God, Jesus,	13:58
	this would give the Christians	14:02
	something spiritually significant to do	14:04
	while the pagans were running wild.	14:06
	Now, as we look at the traditional	14:10
	American celebration on December 25,	14:12
	it is not always clearly evident whether the celebrants	14:15
	are remembering Jesus or Sol Invictus.	14:20
	The point is we're going to have to abandon	14:26
	our idolatry of December 25	14:29
	when we were thinking of the nature of Christmas.	14:31
	This is to the mind of a person	14:35
	who is scientifically trained a rather irrelevant matter.	14:38
	This is not to say we are to lead a crusade	14:44
	to change the date of Christmas.	14:47
	To what date would we change it?	14:49
	December 25 is as good as any.	14:51
	And it has the weight of tradition and experience behind it.	14:54
	Now, there is a second thing which Christmas	14:59
	often is thought to be, but which really it is not,	15:01
	and that is an emphasis upon the infancy of Jesus.	15:05
	The babyhood of Jesus, who was born in Bethlehem.	15:10
	There are some people who feel very pious and righteous	15:16
	by spending a great deal of time	15:21
	getting preoccupied with the straw in the manger	15:23
	and the swaddling clothes and estimating	15:27
	how many cows there were in the stable,	15:30
	and all of the things that have to do with babyhood,	15:33
	which are sacred and which are interesting,	15:37
	but which are not really the central purpose of Christmas.	15:41
	And the danger here lies in the fact	15:46
	that we shall become so preoccupied	15:48
	with whether or not Jesus sucked his thumb,	15:50
	or whether he slept well or cried much,	15:53
	that we shall miss the real nature of Christmas,	15:56
	which has to do with the total impact	16:01
	of the life, death, resurrection,	16:05
	teachings, and mission of Jesus Christ,	16:07
	who was God incarnate in Jesus of Nazareth.	16:10
	Now, when you consider the fact	16:16
	that we do not celebrate the birthday of other great people	16:18
	by becoming obsessed with their babyhood,	16:22
	you can see why we need to apply the same logic	16:25
	to the birth of Jesus.	16:28
	On Lincoln's birthday, do we spend a great deal of time	16:31
	thinking about what a chubby little rascal	16:34
	Lincoln was as a baby?	16:36
	What kind of clothes he wore at the age of six months?	16:40
	Whether he had a bottle, whether he sucked his thumb?	16:45
	No.	16:49
	We think about, talk about, and remember	16:51
	the fact that the great emancipator	16:56
	worked for the welfare of mankind.	16:58
	That he was dedicated to the unity of America	17:01
	and to the cause of human liberty.	17:04
	We spend time reading his Gettysburg Address,	17:07
	and usually we conclude by saying	17:12
	let us dedicate ourselves	17:15
	to the high ideals of the man Lincoln,	17:18
	who was born on this day which we celebrate.	17:21
	When we celebrate the birthday of Washington,	17:26
	nothing is said about his babyhood,	17:29
	but a great deal is said about him	17:31
	as the father of our country.	17:32
	As a matter of fact, I cannot now recall	17:35
	anything at all about the infancy of George Washington.	17:38
	But I do recall that on February 22nd,	17:42
	when we have had celebrations of his birthday in the past,	17:45
	that my parents have reminded me	17:49
	of how Washington prayed at Valley Forge.	17:52
	And my teachers have taught the great ideals	17:56
	of the man George Washington, who was born on February 22.	18:00
	So it should be with Jesus of Nazareth.	18:06
	This should not be a day	18:09
	when we become so preoccupied with his infancy and babyhood	18:10
	that we forget the total meaning	18:14
	and mission of Jesus of Nazareth	18:17
	who became the savior of the world,	18:20
	who was crucified for our sakes,	18:23
	and who, by the power of God,	18:25
	was raised and liveth forevermore.	18:27
	And yet this has been done.	18:32
	In the 16th century, there was a writer	18:34
	who composed a carol that has been sung by people today	18:36
	which calls our attention to the stable.	18:43
	And the writer of the carol says now, look and listen,	18:49
	and he seems to be seeing exactly what's going on,	18:56
	and he reports what he sees to us	19:00
	and he said now, Jesus is taking his milk.	19:02
	Now he's asleep.	19:06
	And oh look, he's not sucking his thumb.	19:09
	Well now, I imagine that there were times when he did,	19:13
	but whether he did or did not	19:16
	has absolutely nothing to do	19:18
	with the central purpose and reality of Christmas.	19:20
	Before leaving this point, we ought to say, though,	19:25
	that there are two values to be obtained	19:28
	from remembering the birth narratives of Jesus.	19:32
	The first is is this reminds us	19:37
	that Jesus was no mythological figure.	19:38
	That he actually was born into history	19:42
	at a certain time in history	19:44
	and at a certain place on the Earth.	19:45
	That he fully shares our humanity, as well as divinity.	19:49
	And there is a second value in this.	19:56
	This comes from the fact	19:59
	that we realize we're worshiping a God	20:01
	who was born in a cow stall.	20:07
	This has the effect of glorifying	20:10
	the humble and the common things of life.	20:14
	That Jesus was born in a barn may be very good medicine	20:21
	for our sick pride and our haughty vanity.	20:25
	It's possible that I can convince you of our need of this	20:31
	by a very simple device.	20:35
	There is a man in Durham	20:38
	who should be known by at least a thousand,	20:42
	conservatively speaking, a thousand of the Duke students	20:45
	out of the 5,700 that we have.	20:48
	At least a thousand people should know this man by name.	20:50
	His name is H.D. Maynard.	20:55
	Now, if you know Mr. H.D. Maynard,	20:59
	will you kindly lift your hand right now where you sit?	21:01
	We have possibly 10 hands up.	21:09
	Why do not the rest of you know him?	21:11
	His name is on a metal plate just above and beside his head.	21:16
	Perhaps the reason you don't know his name is	21:24
	that he's the bus driver who drives you back and forth	21:26
	from east and west campus to the other campus.	21:30
	Would you know his name	21:37
	if he were the president of the fraternity	21:39
	whose political support you need to be elected	21:41
	an officer in the student government next spring?	21:44
	Would we know his name if he were a potential donor	21:48
	of a hundred thousand dollars to Duke?	21:52
	I'd know his name.	21:55
	(crowd laughing)	21:57
	The fact that Jesus was born in a cow barn	22:02
	is a good medicine for us today.	22:06
	It reminds us that people in humble circumstances	22:10
	who are not the so-called great of the world	22:15
	may be great in the sight of God.	22:18
	Well, one final thing	22:22
	should be mentioned, negatively speaking.	22:24
	Christmas is not a holiday of getting,	22:27
	but a holy day of giving.	22:30
	Consider the fact that all of the human beings	22:34
	mentioned in the Christmas story,	22:37
	were in the Christmas story	22:40
	because they were giving something.	22:42
	The stable owner was giving	22:45
	the only accommodation he had available.	22:46
	The wise men brought gifts of gold and expensive spice.	22:50
	The shepherds brought the gifts	22:55
	of their worship and adoration,	22:57
	and never underestimate the value of that gift.	23:00
	Mary brought the gift of motherhood.	23:06
	Joseph brought the gift of paternal protection	23:08
	and the kind, strong help of a strong man.	23:12
	Everybody mentioned brought something as a gift.	23:20
	And yet, so often we think of Christmas	23:25
	simply as a holiday of getting,	23:28
	and Christmas can easily be ruined for some of us	23:31
	if it does not live up to our expectations at this point.	23:35
	If someone to whom we give a gift	23:40
	does not return a gift to us, Christmas is spoiled.	23:42
	If someone leaves us off their Christmas card list,	23:47
	we're mad about it.	23:50
	For these people, Christmas can be spoiled	23:53
	simply because the cranberries are contaminated.	23:56
	And yet this is not Christmas.	24:01
	Christmas is a holy day of giving, of worship, of sharing.	24:05
	Giving is to Christmas what burning is to a fire.	24:12
	If you do not have giving, you do not have Christmas	24:17
	any more than you have a fire if you do not have burning.	24:20
	And so it is not this.	24:25
	Very quickly, then, let us turn from the negative approach	24:27
	to the answer to our question	24:32
	of what is the nature of Christmas?	24:34
	To mention certain positive things which must be considered	24:36
	in any picture of the nature of Christmas.	24:40
	First, Christmas has been announced by God	24:43
	as being a time when the eyes of the blind should be open	24:48
	and the prisoners should be released.	24:51
	There is a prophecy in Isaiah	24:54
	which has always been identified by the church	24:56
	as an interpretation of the meaning	24:58
	of the coming of the Christ Child,	25:00
	which says he shall open the blind eyes	25:03
	and bring out the prisoners from the prison.	25:06
	I suppose I need not say that what happened at Ivy Bluff	25:10
	is not necessarily an expression of the Christmas spirit.	25:13
	There is a kind of prison	25:17
	which is far more deadly than Ivy Bluff,	25:19
	and from which prisoners need to be released much more	25:22
	than those who escaped from our state prison camp.	25:26
	There are people who are walking around every day,	25:31
	unrestricted from the outside,	25:33
	who are greatly restricted on the inside.	25:35
	They have inhibitions, biases,	25:38
	prejudices, encrusted selfishness,	25:41
	and the person who is imprisoned this way	25:45
	is far more incarcerated than anyone else	25:47
	could incarcerate him.	25:52
	And to release a man from his prejudice,	25:54
	to deliver a man from his self-centeredness,	25:57
	to release a person from fear and anxiety	26:00
	which holds him down, these are the great deliverances	26:03
	which Christ came to bring.	26:07
	The people whose eyes are closed spiritually	26:10
	are the ones, as Helen Keller says,	26:13
	who need to have them open more than anyone else,	26:15
	and Jesus Christ came to do this.	26:19
	And this is a positive meaning of Christmas.	26:22
	The second positive meaning which we mention	26:26
	is the one which was mentioned by the angels	26:28
	as they sang to the shepherds.	26:32
	The coming of Jesus Christ	26:34
	would mean glory to God in the highest.	26:37
	Because of the fact that Jesus opens the eyes of the blind	26:43
	and brings the prisoners out of the prison,	26:47
	this brings glory to God because man	26:49
	who had deserved only condemnation by means of his sin	26:52
	had nonetheless been visited by the day spring from on high,	26:56
	who brought onto us salvation in spite of our inequity,	27:00
	and sought to offer unto us the love of a God who cared.	27:04
	And so the prophecy in the Old Testament	27:09
	has been identified with Christmas,	27:11
	which said all thou that tell us good tidings to Judah,	27:14
	all thou who tell us good tidings to Jerusalem,	27:19
	lift up thy voice with strength.	27:22
	Lift it up, fear not, for behold, your God will come.	27:24
	Say unto the cities of Judah, behold your God.	27:29
	Christmas, therefore, as a time of glory to God.	27:35
	And then the angels also gave us	27:40
	a third positive meaning of Christmas	27:42
	when they said this would mean peace on earth.	27:44
	Goodwill toward men.	27:50
	This also had been pointed at in the Old Testament	27:55
	for unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given.	28:00
	And his name shall be called wonderful,	28:04
	counselor the mighty God, the everlasting father,	28:07
	the Prince of Peace.	28:09
	I am sure you agree that the Prince of Peace	28:16
	was born into the right world.	28:18
	This is a world that needs a Prince of Peace.	28:21
	There are students at Duke University who are here	28:25
	because of the ravages of war in their own lands,	28:27
	and they have seen how terrible is war,	28:31
	how wonderful would peace be?	28:34
	We here in this country who were born and reared here,	28:38
	do not really understand	28:42
	how desperately we need the Prince of Peace,	28:44
	and yet I think we can get some notion of it	28:47
	by feeling of our pocketbooks.	28:50
	Last month, I received from Raymond Wilson	28:53
	an analysis of our federal budget for this 12 month period.	28:56
	Listen to these figures.	29:01
	According to his analysis,	29:03
	71% of our $82 billion budget goes entirely for swords	29:06
	and only 29% of it for Plowshares.	29:16
	51 and six tenths billion dollars, this year,	29:21
	will go for past, present, and future wars.	29:26
	Now to get some idea of how much money that is,	29:30
	we could with that amount of money in this one year	29:34
	build 1,200,000 homes costing $20,000 each.	29:37
	And we would have enough leftover	29:46
	to build 3,150 hospitals costing $4 million each.	29:48
	And we would still have enough left	29:55
	to build 3,700 public schools costing $4 million each.	29:56
	In this one year.	30:03
	Yes, the Prince of Peace came to the right world,	30:07
	and His coming brings and brought	30:11
	glory to God in the highest.	30:14
	His coming is for the opening of the eyes of the blind,	30:16
	for the releasing of prisoners from the prison houses.	30:21
	His coming into this world, therefore,	30:25
	should not be misunderstood	30:27
	as an idolization of December 25.	30:30
	It should not be thought of	30:35
	simply in terms of swaddling clothes and hay in the manger	30:36
	and cows standing around and stars in the sky.	30:40
	We should not mistake it for tinsel,	30:44
	Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer, four calling birds,	30:47
	three French hens, two turtle doves,	30:51
	or a partridge in a pear tree.	30:53
	Instead, when the student from Bainbridge who's driving	30:57
	gets with the student from Bainbridge who wants a ride,	31:01
	let them both consider how desperately we need a rebirth	31:06
	in our world of the true nature of Christmas.	31:10
	The student who remains here	31:16
	can join heart with the Christian in China	31:18
	in realizing how wonderful it was	31:23
	when God was incarnate in the babe of Bethlehem,	31:28
	and how much that spirit needs to be born today.	31:33
	Oh God, our heavenly father grant unto us	31:44
	a holy day of giving instead of a holiday of getting.	31:48
	Oh God in the highest, we ascribe unto thee	31:55
	blessing and honor, glory and power.	31:58
	We praise and magnify thy holy name	32:02
	because of thy mighty work in Bethlehem long ago.	32:05
	We now pray that the true nature of that Christ	32:09
	shall be born in us this season.	32:12
	And now the Lord bless you and keep you.	32:15
	The Lord make His face shine upon you	32:19
	and be gracious unto you.	32:22
	The Lord lift up his countenance upon you	32:24
	and give you peace.	32:27

Item Info

Title:

Howard C. Wilkinson - "The Nature of Christmas" (December 13, 1959)

Permalink:

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4m90643g

Date:

December 13, 1959

Speaker:

Wilkinson, Howard C.

Contributor:

Duke University. Chapel

Identifier:

UA.17.01.0003 RR-0088
ref5377_v5q
uachapelsermaud
duke:628196
dcrau002118
ark:/87924/r4m90643g
33a3ec57-d712-4391-8a0f-3fb748831159

Digital Collection:

Duke Chapel Recordings

Source Collection:

Duke University Chapel recordings, 1954-2005

Related Resources:

See below

Language:

English

Location:

United States
North Carolina
Durham (N.C.)

Format:

Provenance:

The Duke University Chapel Recordings were transferred to the Duke University Archives beginning in 1970.

Rights:

Limited Re-Use

Educational Use Permitted

Rights Note:

This material is made available for educational and non-commercial use. This recording may contain 3rd party materials, such as music or readings that are therefore not covered by the license indicated here. Copyright in this material has not been transferred to Duke University. For other reuses of this material beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please see our page on copyright and citations https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions.

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Howard C. Wilkinson - "The Nature of Christmas" (December 13, 1959)

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1. Howard C. Wilkinson - "The Nature of Christmas" (December 13, 1959)

Duke University Archives

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Howard C. Wilkinson - "The Nature of Christmas" (December 13, 1959)

Transcript

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Duke University Archives

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