Howard C. Wilkinson - Savonarola in the Duke Chapel (January 12, 1964)

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-	Oh Lord.	0:03
	Amen.	0:05
	(soft music)	0:08
	The sermon for today is a commentary,	0:36
	on a piece of carved stone,	0:39
	which commands the main entrance,	0:42
	of the Duke University Chapel.	0:44
	The life-size figure, of Girolamo Savonarola,	0:48
	stands on your left.	0:54
	As you enter through the portal.	0:56
	Now this sermon will seek to answer three questions,	0:59
	about the precedence of this stone image,	1:03
	in the doorway to the campus house of worship.	1:06
	Now here are the questions, first,	1:11
	what was the significance,	1:14
	of the Roman Catholic Preacher Savonarola	1:17
	during his lifetime in the latter half of the 15th century?	1:20
	Second, why did the designers of the Duke Chapel less	1:26
	than 35 years ago, make him one of the six historic figures,	1:30
	whose images looked down upon you from the side	1:37
	as you pass through the portal into the chapel?	1:40
	Third, what does the fact of his being a part	1:44
	of this chapel, symbolize in 1964?	1:49
	For the last hour I've been wondering if	1:57
	there's any providential connection,	1:59
	between my preaching on this Catholic preacher this morning	2:02
	and the fact that at 10:30 as I was standing in the rain out	2:06
	in front of my house waiting for a campus bus to come along,	2:09
	that the Roman Catholic bus should come along	2:14
	and stop and pick me up and bring me here.	2:16
	I asked the driver if the fact that I was preaching	2:20
	in the chapel on Savonarola entitled me	2:22
	to a ride on the Catholic bus.	2:25
	He replied that "Sermon or no I was welcomed to ride."	2:28
	Well the stimulus for this sermon was provided last summer,	2:34
	when a group of 120 Roman Catholics	2:37
	from the town of Val Donnas Italy, visited Duke.	2:39
	And I was asked to extend to them the official welcome	2:44
	of the university.	2:47
	On a hot summer dry afternoon quite different in every way	2:49
	from this morning,	2:54
	they assembled on the steps of the chapel,	2:56
	and I stood in the portal to express the greetings	2:58
	of Duke in general and of the chapel in particular, to them.	3:01
	Following my very brief remarks some	3:06
	of the visitors asked questions	3:08
	about what they saw directly in front of them.	3:10
	Assuming this to be a Protestant chapel,	3:14
	someone wanted to know,	3:17
	who are the figures that adorned the entrance.	3:18
	Well I turned to my right and pointed	3:23
	to the very first one and said,	3:25
	"Savonarola."	3:27
	A gasp of surprise and delight came from them.	3:29
	Savonarola, in the Duke Chapel, indeed.	3:34
	Well then, who was this strange and powerful figure,	3:40
	whose life size image scrutinizes you,	3:47
	from Sunday to Sunday as you file in and out of this chapel?	3:51
	From the many books of interesting biographical material,	3:56
	which had been published about this man,	4:00
	we have time this morning to point to only a few	4:04
	of the highlights,	4:07
	which will aluminate the significance of him	4:08
	for his own day in place.	4:11
	His entire life was spend in Italy,	4:15
	and the greatest impact of his ministry,	4:17
	was felt in Florence.	4:20
	Which then was the center of art and of learning	4:22
	and of culture, in all of Italy.	4:25
	He was born in 1452 and he became a tortured martyr	4:29
	at the age of 45, 6 years after Columbus discovered America.	4:33
	The place of his birth was at the town of Ferrara,	4:40
	and his parents intended him for a medical education.	4:45
	And the medical profession.	4:47
	However, is interested as he was in medicine,	4:51
	he nevertheless was more acutely aware of the need	4:54
	for a moral and spiritual regeneration of the church	4:57
	of his day, and of the lives of its people.	5:02
	So that at the age	5:08
	when most American young people are graduating	5:09
	from college he entered into the Dominican order	5:11
	of the Catholic Church at Bologna.	5:14
	He went into one of its monasteries.	5:18
	Now I suppose that as soon as I mentioned the fact	5:21
	that he went into a monastery,	5:24
	very likely some of you began to think	5:27
	that this meant a withdrawal from life,	5:29
	on the part of Savonarola, but not so, not at all.	5:34
	The Dominican order did not emphasize contemplation apart	5:39
	from the world.	5:43
	But access and service to men in their needs.	5:46
	It emphasized preaching, teaching and great learning.	5:53
	Some of the greatest scholars	5:59
	of the Roman Catholic Church had been members	6:01
	of the Dominican order.	6:03
	It was the order for example	6:05
	of Thomas Aquinas, Meister Eckhart.	6:07
	However, this order did give great emphasis	6:11
	to personal sacrifice,	6:14
	to disciplined spiritual living,	6:17
	and to personal and social righteousness.	6:21
	Well after Savonarola had been in the order for eight years,	6:25
	he was assigned to work and preach in the City of Florence,	6:29
	a city which was to be known through centuries to come,	6:36
	as the place where Savonarola preached,	6:41
	and Michelangelo worked.	6:44
	Incidentally Michelangelo was only seven years old	6:46
	in the City of Florence,	6:49
	when Savonarola first came there to preach.	6:51
	After only a few years	6:56
	this great preacher was made prior of the monastery	6:58
	of San Marco in Florence,	7:00
	and was made master of the great pulpit in the city.	7:04
	And his influence in that city was very very extensive.	7:08
	Eventually the city fathers even took matters	7:13
	of the government to him for his council.	7:15
	The people of Florence had been very, very wicked.	7:20
	But while Savonarola was there, a vast moral regeneration,	7:26
	took place in their lives.	7:32
	Always faithful to the Catholic church,	7:36
	he nevertheless was a sharp and outspoken critic	7:39
	of the corruption which he saw in it.	7:43
	And it was his denunciation of that corruption,	7:47
	which earned him the hostility of the Vatican.	7:50
	Which in retaliation contrived with local politicians	7:54
	in Florence,	7:58
	to bring about the torture and the hanging of this prophet.	7:59
	And his ashes were then thrown contemptuously	8:04
	into the waters of the Arno River.	8:08
	To understand why so righteous, so capable,	8:14
	so intelligent, and so influential a man,	8:19
	as Savonarola, could be killed by a collusion	8:23
	between low grade politicians and the Pope of Rome.	8:27
	We have to understand the times.	8:32
	The Renaissance was in full swing and Italy just then.	8:36
	Savonarola was born the same year for example	8:41
	as Leonardo da Vinci.	8:44
	The attitude which most of the people of that day,	8:47
	had toward the spiritual aims of the church,	8:51
	was one of cool indifference, they couldn't care less.	8:54
	The historian Williston Walker has said	9:00
	"The few periods in the world's history,	9:02
	have been so boastfully corrupt,	9:05
	as that of the Italian Renaissance.	9:08
	The Roman Catholic papacy was thoroughly secularized,	9:13
	and it was immersed in worldly political ambitions	9:16
	and schemes as at no other time in all of its history."	9:21
	It's impossible to understand the impact	9:27
	of Savonarola upon his time without knowing	9:30
	about the three popes, who reigned during his ministry.	9:33
	According to competent historians,	9:39
	of both Protestantism and Catholicism,	9:42
	they were three of the worst ever to hold the office.	9:45
	Pope Sixtus IV, rule during the seven years	9:50
	that Savonarola was in the monastery of Bologna.	9:54
	This Pope used legalized prostitution,	9:59
	to increase the revenues of his Papal court.	10:04
	He had five nephews and all five of them were given places	10:10
	of high honor in the Vatican.	10:14
	His life was characterized, if we can believe history,	10:20
	by lust, and luxury.	10:24
	The next Pope who ruled was Innocent VIII,	10:29
	who was anything but innocent.	10:34
	History of records that he brought great sin to the Vatican,	10:37
	that he even bought with the money the votes	10:44
	of the Cardinals who elected him to the papacy.	10:47
	And that while he was Pope the Papal court was the center,	10:51
	of sensuality in Rome.	10:55
	He even established a bank for pardons.	10:59
	Each sin had its price.	11:03
	There was no after inventory sale.	11:05
	The third Pope, outlived Savonarola,	11:11
	and for a very sufficient reason.	11:16
	He was the one who engineered his death.	11:19
	This was Alexander VI.	11:23
	There is agreement between Protestant	11:26
	and Catholic historians	11:28
	that this Pope was undoubtedly the worst ever	11:30
	to hold the office.	11:33
	A fairly recent Roman Catholic historian has said,	11:35
	and I quote, "The clearest proof	11:39
	that the Catholic church is divine is the fact	11:41
	that such a man could not destroy it."	11:44
	The Jesuit historian, Herbert Lucas,	11:50
	has written a scorching denunciation	11:54
	of Alexander referring to him	11:57
	as the ever infamous Alexander VI.	12:00
	One of his Cardinals Cardinal Rovere believed	12:05
	that this Pope was not only an infidel but a heretic,	12:07
	who purchased the office he had,	12:12
	and all the offices which led up to it, with cash.	12:15
	At one time during his reign	12:22
	there were as many as 18 of his Cardinals	12:23
	who waited upon King Charles of France asking him	12:26
	to call a general council of the church,	12:29
	to declare that Alexandra was not legally the Pope.	12:32
	Well, this Alexander feared and hated Savonarola,	12:36
	as he feared and hated no other man on Earth	12:42
	and for good reason.	12:45
	He tried to solve the problem of Savonarola first	12:48
	by silencing him officially.	12:52
	Forbidding him to preach anymore,	12:55
	in the great pulpit in Florence on pain of excommunication.	12:58
	This didn't work, Savonarola preached.	13:03
	So next he tried, the opposite device.	13:08
	He offered him a Cardinal's hat.	13:12
	This man that he had forbidden even to preach he now offered	13:15
	to make Cardinal the position next to the Pope itself.	13:18
	That didn't work either.	13:24
	So then he excommunicated him,	13:26
	which literally means that he officially told him	13:29
	to go to hell.	13:32
	Now, we're ready to notice the significance of the words	13:36
	and the acts of this highly educated monk Savonarola.	13:40
	And we can do that best by listening to the words	13:46
	of the man himself.	13:48
	Here are some of them,	13:50
	"Looking up on the faces of the wicked	13:53
	and stubbornly perverted,	13:56
	and especially upon the faces of certain Ecclesiastics	13:58
	when they are unbridled in their vices,	14:01
	we see them as demons.	14:04
	ALl sinners, stubborn, lukewarm,	14:08
	all who defer repentance to the last,	14:11
	do penance, do it now,	14:14
	do not delay any longer,	14:17
	for the Lord awaits you as thus He calls you.	14:20
	All consecrated priests, hear are my words,	14:26
	all prelates of the church,	14:29
	renounce your pump and your convivial gatherings.	14:32
	Renounce I say your concubines,	14:36
	for it is time to do penance,	14:39
	renounced that a curse advice	14:42
	that has so greatly provoked the wrath	14:44
	of God upon you.	14:46
	All lustful ones dress yourselves in hair cloth	14:48
	and do that pennant which you need."	14:52
	These words he preached publicly, before all the people.	14:55
	Well he was an ardent student of the Bible	15:01
	and it was said that toward the end	15:03
	of his life he knew the scriptures almost by memory.	15:05
	In fact the very language of the Bible appears frequently	15:09
	in his sermons.	15:12
	He believed in the authority of the Bible,	15:14
	matters of faith and practice.	15:17
	And he taught that all beliefs should be examined	15:20
	in the light of scripture.	15:23
	A series of sermons,	15:27
	which he preached in the advent season of 1493.	15:28
	He addressed himself to his fellow clergy.	15:33
	And here's what he said,	15:35
	"Why, instead of expounding so many books,	15:37
	do you not expound the one book in which is the law	15:42
	and the spirit of life?	15:47
	Still greater is the foolishness of those that load	15:50
	themselves with briefs, and tracks, and writings,	15:53
	charity does not consist in written papers,	15:57
	the true books of Christ are the apostles and the saints.	16:00
	And the true reading of them is to imitate them,	16:04
	in your lives."	16:08
	Oh this great man preached vigorously	16:13
	and effectively against sensuality	16:15
	and the family life was strengthened in Florence.	16:18
	He preached against injustice and tyranny,	16:22
	and democracy and justice, were strengthened in Florence.	16:26
	And in all of Italy.	16:31
	The gambling dens did a decreasing business,	16:33
	the longer he stayed in Florence,	16:35
	and the taverns almost went out of business.	16:38
	Yes, Savonarola preached a stern kind of righteousness,	16:41
	which flashed thunderbolts of judgment,	16:47
	but, he had a warm hearted love, for people,	16:52
	that was at the center not only of his sermons,	16:58
	but of his life itself.	17:01
	He preached a recurring theme the church will be scourged,	17:04
	but he preached another recurring theme.	17:08
	The church will be renewed, and regenerated.	17:11
	And now to catch something of the flavor of this emphasis	17:16
	of his upon hope and love.	17:20
	Let us now have the words of Savonarola,	17:23
	preached in the Duke's Chapel 465 years after his death.	17:27
	And the particular sermon from which I shall quote,	17:33
	he was using the device of pretending to be speaking	17:37
	to Peter and Mary Magdalen in heaven.	17:40
	He said, "Tell me oh Peter, tell me oh Magdalene,	17:44
	wherefore are you in paradise?	17:50
	You sinned, even as we sin.	17:53
	Thou Peter who had testified under the Son of God,	17:57
	had conversed with Him, heard Him preach,	18:01
	beheld His miracles, hearkened unto His paternal voice,	18:04
	and who despite all this,	18:08
	at the word of a base woman did deny Him thrice.	18:11
	Yet thou art restored to grace,	18:17
	and made the head of the church,	18:21
	and dust now enjoy heavenly bliss.	18:24
	How has style gained these rewards.	18:28
	Confess that not by dine on merits	18:32
	as style attain salvation, but by the goodness of God,	18:36
	Who did this bestow so many blessing upon thee,	18:42
	and vouch safe to thee in this life so much light and grace.	18:47
	And thou Magdalene, once called the sinner,	18:53
	thou didst harken many times to the preaching	18:57
	of thy master Jesus Christ,	19:00
	and nevertheless worked deaf to His words.	19:02
	But when it pleased the Lord and He touched my heart.	19:06
	thou didst hastiness and a frenzy	19:10
	with thy vase of alabaster to the house of the Pharisees,	19:13
	and casting thyself at the master's feet didst bathed	19:16
	them with thy tears.	19:19
	And was deemed worthy to hear the sweet words,	19:22
	thy sins which were many, are forgiven.	19:26
	Later thou was so favored by the Savior is	19:32
	to be the first to behold Him risen from the dead,	19:35
	and work made an apostle under the apostles.	19:38
	This grace, these gifts were not thou safe to thee,	19:41
	by thy desserts and merits.	19:46
	Oh Mary, it was because God loved thee."	19:49
	You can see how the love of God,	19:56
	was at the heart of this great Catholic preacher,	19:59
	and proof that his God liked love	20:03
	for the sinners was really communicated	20:05
	to his hearers was furnished when Lorenzo called	20:07
	for Savonarola to come to his bedside as he laid dying.	20:12
	Lorenzo was the preacher's archenemy in Florence.	20:16
	He wasn't the man of power and wealth	20:21
	who most desired to rule the city.	20:23
	But whose ambitions were thwarted by Savonarola's preaching	20:26
	on the importance of democracy and decency.	20:30
	Lorenzo at last despaired either	20:35
	of buying or silencing the preacher.	20:37
	So finally he openly and bitterly denounced him	20:40
	and opposed him.	20:43
	But years later,	20:46
	when he knew that the end of his life was at hand,	20:47
	he desperately wanted help.	20:51
	And he believed that Savonarola whom he had denounced	20:54
	and opposed, would aid him to prepare to meet his God.	20:58
	And so he called for him.	21:05
	Well then, what was the significance	21:08
	of this Dominican in his day and place?	21:12
	One summary answer has been given	21:16
	by the late President William Crawford of Allegheny College,	21:18
	who said that "In doctrine he was a Roman Catholic,	21:21
	and his warfare against the corrupt papacy, a Protestant.	21:24
	In his reformation of public morals, a Puritan.	21:29
	In his advocacy of the rights of the poor, a Democrat."	21:34
	But no one of these can claim all of this man.	21:38
	Poet and preacher, statesman and reformer,	21:42
	theologian and martyr.	21:46
	He must forever rank,	21:48
	not only as one of the most brilliant makers of Florence,	21:50
	but as one of the most illustrious makers	21:54
	of European history.	21:57
	All right.	22:00
	Let's then take a very quick look	22:02
	at the second question raised this morning which was,	22:03
	why did the designers of the Duke Chapel make him one	22:06
	of the six historic figures	22:11
	whose images looked down upon us,	22:13
	from the side as we pass through the portal into the chapel?	22:15
	Concerning this, there's little to say, very little.	22:20
	Right away we have the problem of knowing who it was,	22:26
	that decided to put Savonarola there.	22:29
	It seems to be no definitive word on this.	22:33
	Professor William Blackburn,	22:37
	who knows more about such matters	22:38
	than any man alive today I suppose,	22:40
	declares that he doesn't know.	22:43
	But that he assumes that it was President William Few,	22:45
	who of course devoted a great deal of personal attention	22:49
	to the building of this chapel.	22:52
	Professor Blackburn thinks the choice may have been made	22:56
	by the architect who drew the plans for the building.	22:58
	As you know if you've read professor Blackburn's book	23:02
	on the "Architecture of Duke University",	23:05
	the architectural firm which was responsible	23:07
	for designing the original buildings of the university,	23:10
	was that a Mr. Horace Trumbauer.	23:13
	But of course Mr. Trumbauer did not personally make	23:16
	the drawings of this beautiful chapel.	23:21
	That was done personally	23:24
	by one of his staff architects,	23:25
	a Negro whose name was Abel.	23:27
	Or whoever made the selection,	23:31
	of Savonarola at the front door,	23:33
	apparently left us no written explanation of his choice.	23:36
	Was Savonarola picked	23:41
	because he was a well-educated preacher?	23:43
	Could it have been because of the power of his eloquence,	23:47
	and the hope that this would characterize	23:51
	those who would preach here.	23:53
	Was a deliberate effort made to include a Roman Catholic?	23:56
	Well the only tangible clue we have is found in the pages	24:00
	of Professor Blackburn's book,	24:04
	where the figures inside the portal are listed.	24:05
	Those on the left as you enter are listed in this way.	24:09
	"Preacher of the Bible, religious reformer,	24:13
	and translator of the Bible."	24:18
	Savonarola is the preacher of the Bible,	24:22
	Luther the religious reformer,	24:25
	and Wycliffe is the translator of the Bible.	24:27
	It may be that Savonarola was chosen	24:31
	because the selector was impressed with the value	24:33
	of biblical preaching.	24:37
	For now in the closing minutes,	24:41
	let's have a look at that last question	24:44
	and the one most relevant of all.	24:46
	What does the fact of his being a part of this chapel,	24:49
	symbolize in 1964?	24:53
	Well surely it continues to symbolize today	24:58
	what it did when first the chapel was built,	25:01
	that the preaching	25:04
	in this chapel should be biblically sound.	25:05
	And all doctrines preached here should be tested	25:08
	by scripture.	25:10
	Surely it continues to symbolize the hope that the preachers	25:13
	who deliver the word here should be thoroughly educated men.	25:16
	And the kind of religion that would be fostered here,	25:20
	should be illuminated by the best contributions	25:24
	of education.	25:26
	In other words,	25:29
	it symbolizes the view that the university's motto,	25:29
	correctly points to a proper marriage between	25:33
	Eruditio and Religio.	25:36
	A marriage made in heaven.	25:40
	Well there can be no doubt that Savonarola stands	25:45
	for a rigorously ethical religion.	25:48
	And his being a part of this chapel symbolizes the need	25:52
	for our being reminded that no form,	25:56
	no ritual, no ecclesiastical hocus pocus,	25:58
	no churchly prestige nor doctrinal estudness,	26:03
	can ever take the place of a righteous life.	26:07
	It may be that we need just such a reminder in 1964.	26:13
	To clear away the theological debris,	26:17
	which has bred a deceptive sliding relativism,	26:21
	that winks at fornication,	26:24
	adultery, cheating on exams, lying,	26:26
	race prejudice, and drunkenness.	26:29
	The presence of Savonarola's figure,	26:32
	maybe a healthy corrective to the spinalis ethic	26:36
	that teaches that any kind of conduct is permissible	26:40
	so long as you can feel pretty sure,	26:43
	that nobody is really going to get hurt by it.	26:46
	But perhaps the most exciting aspect of what he symbolizes	26:52
	in 1964 has to do with the fact that he was a Catholic.	26:56
	For the warm winds of unity, are blowing across the walls	27:01
	that divide Christian brother from Christian brother,	27:06
	as they have not blown since first the walls were built.	27:09
	Not only are many Protestant denominations merging,	27:14
	but there is much traffic and dialogue	27:19
	between Catholic and Protestant,	27:22
	which can only be explained as a work of the Holy Spirit.	27:25
	Pope John and Pope Paul,	27:30
	have both made it abundantly clear that the brokenness	27:34
	of the visible Body of Christ,	27:38
	is as painful to Catholics as it is to Protestants.	27:40
	And that their hearts ache for reunion, as much as ours do.	27:44
	With Savonarola who has to be related to Catholic,	27:52
	being a part of the very stone of this chapel,	27:56
	no narrow-minded Protestant can claim this chapel	28:00
	to be anti-Catholic.	28:04
	It is a Christian chapel.	28:07
	I expressed the hope this morning that in the near future,	28:11
	this Christian inclusiveness, may be further symbolized,	28:14
	by our having a Catholic sermon in this pulpit,	28:20
	not by our quoting a dead one,	28:24
	but by the preaching of a live one.	28:26
	The signs are encouraging.	28:31
	Our own Dean Cushman was invited by the Catholic church,	28:33
	to be one of the 36 non-Catholic observers	28:38
	at the recent session of the Vatican Council.	28:41
	The members of the executive committee	28:46
	of the National Association of College	28:48
	and University Chaplains,	28:50
	which up until now has been completely Protestant,	28:52
	have been systematically contacting Catholic chaplains.	28:57
	This winter, we've been inviting	29:02
	them to join our organization.	29:04
	Last week, I took a total	29:07
	and found that 17 Catholic chaplains have already joined us.	29:11
	As you pass by the figure of Savonarola each time,	29:18
	will you breathe a prayer, for the complete unity	29:22
	of the disciples of our Lord Jesus Christ?	29:26
	Last Monday I was riding the commuter bus	29:32
	between campuses.	29:35
	Two Trinity College students were seated	29:37
	behind me on the bus.	29:39
	I would guess that neither one of them recognized	29:42
	that the man in front of them was a minister.	29:45
	One of them picked up a copy	29:50
	of last Sunday's chapel bulletin.	29:51
	Somebody had left it in the seat.	29:55
	As we rode along, he began to read the announcements aloud.	29:57
	There was an announcement as you may remember	30:03
	that indicated I would be preaching in chapel this Sunday	30:05
	and that I expected to preach on the subject Savonarola	30:08
	in the Duke Chapel.	30:11
	After reading that announcement he paused a moment said,	30:14
	"Well what is Savonarola?"	30:19
	But up to that point I had been a captive eavesdropper,	30:24
	but I suddenly became a willing eavesdropper.	30:28
	The other young man thought for a moment,	30:32
	and then replied as follows.	30:34
	"Well, I don't know,	30:38
	but Savonarola sounds like it has something	30:41
	to do with salvation."	30:44
	Not a bad guess.	30:48
	Oh God help us to have the courage of our convictions.	30:57
	Give us charity toward all men.	31:01
	And particularly toward our brothers in Christ.	31:03
	We pray Thee that we may all be one,	31:07
	that the world may believe that Jesus Christ is Thy Son.	31:10
	And now may the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ be	31:14
	with you all.	31:17
	(soft music)	31:19

Item Info

Title:

Howard C. Wilkinson - Savonarola in the Duke Chapel (January 12, 1964)

Permalink:

https://idn.duke.edu/ark:/87924/r4dj5dj3s

Date:

January 12, 1964

Speaker:

Wilkinson, Howard C.

Contributor:

Duke University. Chapel

Identifier:

UA.17.01.0003 RR-0252
ref5709_54d
uachapelsermaud
duke:628681
dcrau002256
ark:/87924/r4dj5dj3s
466b7c5b-a43b-4f52-98a9-0d50b9c21235

Digital Collection:

Duke Chapel Recordings

Source Collection:

Duke University Chapel recordings, 1954-2005

Related Resources:

See below

Language:

English

Location:

United States
North Carolina
Durham (N.C.)

Format:

Provenance:

The Duke University Chapel Recordings were transferred to the Duke University Archives beginning in 1970.

Rights:

Limited Re-Use

Educational Use Permitted

Rights Note:

This material is made available for educational and non-commercial use. This recording may contain 3rd party materials, such as music or readings that are therefore not covered by the license indicated here. Copyright in this material has not been transferred to Duke University. For other reuses of this material beyond those permitted by fair use or otherwise allowed under the Copyright Act, please see our page on copyright and citations https://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/research/citations-and-permissions.

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Howard C. Wilkinson - Savonarola in the Duke Chapel (January 12, 1964)

Transcript

Item Info

1. Howard C. Wilkinson - "Savonarola in the Duke Chapel" (January 12, 1964)

Duke University Archives

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Howard C. Wilkinson - Savonarola in the Duke Chapel (January 12, 1964)

Transcript

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Duke University Archives

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